The Effect of Air Pollution on Respiratory Diseases in Children in Enugu State, Nigeria
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Background of the Study
Air pollution poses a significant risk to public health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children. In Enugu State, rapid industrialization and urban growth have contributed to deteriorating air quality. Emissions from vehicles, industrial activities, and biomass burning are major contributors to ambient air pollution. Children, whose respiratory systems are still developing, are particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide (Ogbu, 2023). Exposure to these pollutants has been linked to an increased incidence of respiratory diseases including asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Studies conducted in various parts of Nigeria indicate that regions with higher pollution levels tend to report higher rates of respiratory ailments among children (Chukwu, 2024). In Enugu State, the problem is compounded by factors such as overcrowding, inadequate urban planning, and limited environmental regulations. The interplay between air pollution and respiratory health is complex, with short-term exposure leading to acute respiratory episodes and long-term exposure contributing to chronic respiratory conditions. Effective monitoring and policy interventions are critical for mitigating these health impacts and safeguarding the well-being of children in the state (Okoro, 2025).
Statement of the Problem
Children in Enugu State are increasingly at risk of respiratory diseases due to rising levels of air pollution. Despite efforts to regulate industrial emissions and vehicular exhaust, air quality in many parts of Enugu remains poor. This environmental challenge is exacerbated by the high population density and inadequate urban infrastructure. The health burden of respiratory diseases among children not only leads to increased hospitalizations and absenteeism from school but also results in long-term health complications. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the specific pollutants contributing to these conditions and the extent of their impact on children's health. Without robust evidence linking air pollution levels to respiratory outcomes, designing effective public health interventions remains difficult. Consequently, the persistent exposure of children to harmful pollutants continues to undermine their respiratory health and overall quality of life (Ibrahim, 2023).
Objectives of the Study
- To determine the levels of key air pollutants in Enugu State.
- To assess the relationship between air pollution and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in children.
- To recommend policy interventions aimed at reducing air pollution and mitigating its health impacts.
Research Questions
- What are the predominant air pollutants in Enugu State?
- How does exposure to these pollutants affect the incidence of respiratory diseases in children?
- What interventions can effectively reduce the adverse health effects of air pollution?
Research Hypotheses
- Higher concentrations of air pollutants are significantly associated with increased respiratory disease incidence in children.
- Children exposed to poor air quality exhibit higher rates of asthma and bronchitis.
- Implementation of stricter environmental policies will result in improved respiratory health outcomes.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on urban and peri-urban areas of Enugu State, targeting schools and healthcare facilities that treat pediatric respiratory conditions. Data will be collected through air quality monitoring, health records, and surveys. Limitations include seasonal variations in pollution levels and potential confounders such as indoor air quality.
Definitions of Terms
- Air Pollution: The presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere that can adversely affect human health.
- Respiratory Diseases: Medical conditions affecting the airways and lungs, such as asthma and bronchitis.
- Particulate Matter (PM): A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.
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